Carbon nanostructures can be chemically modified by the attachment of diverse molecular species. Polyoxometalates (POMs) are usually composed of various transition metals clustered together by shared oxygen atoms, thereby forming an anionic 3D framework. In some instances, luminescent rare-earth elements may be integrated. These anionic polyatomic species can be used for catalysis and biomedical applications. Only a few reports are found in the literature about the preparation of luminescent graphene or graphene oxide-based materials using rare-earth emission.​​

​​Chemistry